As key materials for modern advanced technology, copper-based materials with high conductivity and heat resistance have been widely used in many fields, such as rail transportation, electronic communications and aerospace. In this work, the design, preparation methods, microstructure, and mechanical and physical properties of common copper materials with high conductivity and heat resistance are introduced from the two major fields of copper alloys and copper matrix composites. In addition, the conductivity mechanism and high-temperature strengthening mechanism of the materials are summarized and explained. Finally, the research status and future development of copper materials with high conductivity and heat resistance are summarized and prospected.