·前沿进展 Research Progress·

低层错能CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金的强化方法研究

张琳冰1,王 军2,3,闫 娜3,李泽洲1,4,5,余雨宸1,6,张 帆1,4,5,王 琳1,5,程兴旺1,4,5

(1.北京理工大学材料学院,北京 100081;2.西北工业大学凝固技术国家重点实验室,陕西西安 710072;3.西北工业大学,陕西西安 710072;4.北京理工大学唐山研究院,河北唐山 063000;5.北京理工大学冲击环境材料技术国家级重点实验室,北京 100081;6.清华大学材料学院,北京 100084)

摘 要:低层错能的CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金在室温或低温下具有优异的断裂韧性。同时,在冲击条件下变形机理的多样性使CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金具有优异的抗变形能力,有望作为抗冲击结构材料被应用于极端环境中。然而,金属材料“强度-塑性”的倒置关系在CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金中依然存在,低的屈服强度限制了CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金的潜在应用。因此,选择合适的强化方法,提高CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金的屈服强度,同时保持高塑性,成为目前高熵合金研究的热点。本文从固溶元素、晶内缺陷、相结构3 个方面介绍了目前应用在CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金中的强化方法,从固溶原子、间隙原子、位错、孪晶、相变、梯度结构等多方面讨论了强韧化机制,并以CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金的变形机理为切入点,分析了不同方法对合金性能的提升机理,为低层错能高强韧合金的设计提供了思路。

关键词:CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金;低层错能;变形机理;强化方法

传统的合金设计方法是以一种或两种金属元素为主,通过添加少量其他元素来调控合金的性能。随着科研水平的快速发展,人们对高性能合金的需求迫切,传统合金设计方法的局限性也日益明显。高熵合金的出现打破了传统合金设计的桎梏,提供了一种全新的合金设计思路[1-11]。Cantor 等[2]与Yeh 等[3]在2004 年同时提出高熵合金的概念,多种元素按照(近)等原子比例混合可以得到简单的固溶体结构,合金性能由多种元素共同决定,具有“鸡尾酒效应”[12]。在高熵合金中,最突出的一类是基于CrCoNi 体系的单相面心立方(fcc)结构合金,受到科学家关注[5-8]。低层错能的CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金凭借其优异的冲击韧性、超高的疲劳性能有望成为新一代结构防护材料的佼佼者,应用于能源动力、武器装甲、航空航天器等抗冲击结构件中[13-18]

Liu 等[14]对CrCoNi 中熵合金进行了20 K 下的低温断裂韧性测试,在抗拉强度~1 GPa 的情况下仍保持极高的断裂韧性。由图1a 可以看出,在20 K低温下,CrCoNi 中熵合金的断裂韧性更加优异,达到415 MPa·m1/2。图1b 和c 显示出CrCoNi 中熵合金在20 K 低温下,裂纹尖端区域中的裂纹扩展方向以及伴随着裂纹拓展所形成的变形组织。在裂纹尖端附近的塑性区域内,应变高度集中,局部区域的应变可以达到60%~100%,高应变诱导变形晶粒内产生了大量的纳米孪晶。同时,CrCoNi 中熵合金具有极低的层错能,仅为(18±4)J/m2,低层错能有利于变形过程中堆垛层错的形成,大量层错可以促进孪晶形核[19-20]。在变形严重区域,形变产生的密排六方相,与孪晶一起将原本晶粒分割为小晶粒,进一步增加位错运动的阻力;多种变形机理协同进行,有效提高CrCoNi 合金的断裂韧性。在具有低层错能的CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金中,位错滑移、层错形成、纳米孪晶和相变4 种强化机制共同作用,实现了高熵合金的强韧性能大幅度提升,从而扩大了CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金的应用范围。但CrCoNi基(中)高熵合金屈服强度仍然较低,仅有~360 MPa[5],如何提升合金强度的同时保持其高韧性成为目前研究热点。本文将强韧化方法按照原子(固溶元素、间隙原子)、纳米(浓度波、短程有序、析出相)、微米(位错、孪晶、相变、梯度结构、层状复合)3 个尺度分类并展开讨论。

图1 CrCoNi 基合金的优异断裂韧性:(a)CrCoNi 基合金与传统合金的断裂韧性-屈服强度Ashby 图,(b~c)CrCoNi 中熵合金的电子背散射衍射图像衬度图和反极图,显示出CrCoNi 中熵合金在20 K 下的裂纹拓展方向和裂纹尖端的变形组织[14]
Fig.1 The excellent fracture toughness of the CrCoNi-based alloy:(a)Ashby map of the fracture toughness,Kc,versus the yield strength,σy,for a broad class of materials,(b~c)EBSD quality map and inverse pole figure(IPF)map,showing the fracture path of the crack and accompanying deformation behavior of the CrCoNi alloy at 20 K[14]

1 原子尺度

1.1 固溶强化

固溶强化方法作为最简单且有效的强化手段被广泛应用于合金中,虽然高熵合金多主元的特点使其各组成元素无法像传统的以一种元素为主的合金那样,存在严格的溶剂与溶质之分,但金属原子半径的差异和原子之间不同的结合力依然会使合金内部产生严重的晶格畸变,在不同大小的畸变区域均产生固溶强化效应[3,21]。晶格畸变会影响位错的运动,畸变所产生的应力场与位错相互作用,在高熵合金中产生不均匀的应变场,增大了位错滑移的派纳力,使位错运动变得困难,固溶强化的效果得以实现[22-24]。晶格畸变效应[23]、高熵效应[7]、鸡尾酒效应[12]以及扩散迟滞效应[25]共同构成了高熵合金的4 大效应[26],其中晶格畸变在CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金的强化方法中发挥重要作用,可以提高合金强度[17,27-29]。Bracq 等[28]改变CrMnFeCoNi 高熵合金中不同元素的含量,通过纳米压痕硬度测试以及固溶强化模型研究了不同元素对合金硬度的影响。合金硬度的增加随Co、Cr 元素含量提高的程度较小(图2a~b);纯铁硬度较低,所以Fe 元素含量的增加反而使合金硬度下降(图2c);Mn、Ni 元素的规律都是随原子比的增加,合金硬度先增大后下降(图2d~e),合金硬度在成分为CrMnCoNi 时达到最大值(图2f)[28],晶格参数和硬度随成分变化是连续的。固溶强化模型式(1)[30]表明,CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金中组元含量影响固溶强化的效果,晶格畸变程度越大合金硬度越高,但是该模型并未考虑原子尺度有序结构的影响。τy0 为0 K 下的流变应力,Γ 为单位位错线张力的总能量,wc为原子固溶所引起的势能波动最小值(由势能函数确定,wc 的值越大,晶格畸变程度越大),b为位错的伯氏矢量(b=a/,a 为晶格常数)。

图2 CrMnFeCoNi 合金在一种元素含量变化,其余元素等比例情况下的纳米硬度变化图:(a~e)多种CrMnFeCoNi 合金纳米硬度的预测值与实验值,(f)多种CrMnFeCoNi 合金纳米硬度的实验值[28]
Fig.2 The nanohardness of CrMnFeCoNi alloy under the condition that only one element proportion is changed and the other elements are present in equal proportions:(a~e)predicted and experimental nanohardness of CrMnFeCoNi alloys,(f)experimental values of the nanohardness of CrMnFeCoNi alloys[28]

1.2 间隙原子强化

少量金属元素的添加使CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金通过固溶方式提高强度,当添加非金属原子时,因为非金属原子的半径远小于金属原子的半径,高熵合金中添加的C、N、O 等非金属原子进入到金属的晶格间隙中,成为合金中的间隙原子,由此产生间隙原子强化效果,间隙原子导致的晶格畸变远高于置换原子。小半径原子进入合金原子间隙所产生的晶格畸变与合金中的位错相互作用,提高了合金的强度[31-32]。此外,间隙原子与合金中的某些金属原子间具有较大的结合力,在Cr19.84Mn19.84Fe19.84Co19.84Ni19.84C0.8 合金中,C和Cr 之间易产生短程有序结构,短程有序结构会影响合金中的位错滑移机制,减少交滑移,加强位错的平面滑移,加工硬化效果随之增强[33-34]。间隙原子的加入也会影响高熵合金的相稳定性和层错能,从而使合金的变形机制发生改变[35]。C、N、O 等小半径的非金属原子与其他元素结合可以形成析出相沉淀到合金中,使合金中的固溶强化效果增强。Li 等 [33]向CrMnFeCoNi 合金中掺入不同原子比的碳元素,在室温下进行拉伸试验,研究了碳含量对CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金力学性能的影响。对于同一工艺处理的合金,含碳量越高,合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度越高,含碳量为0.8%(原子百分数,下同)的合金屈服强度高达1 030 MPa,抗拉强度达到1 170 MPa(图3d)。在含碳量均为0.8%的情况下,均匀化后又冷轧退火的高熵合金具有高达1 GPa 的屈服强度(图3c)。由图3a1和b1 可以看出,0.8%C 合金中晶粒比0.2%C 合金晶粒度更加细小。在两种合金的再结晶区域均出现纳米级的沉淀析出相,为富Cr 的碳化物,含量随碳含量的增加而增加。间隙溶质原子通过形成溶质气氛与晶界表现出强烈的相互作用,由沉淀物所产生的阻碍作用,阻碍了晶界的迁移,导致退火过程中回复和再结晶的能垒变高[36],含碳量高的合金再结晶粒度小。

图3 添加C 的CrMnFeCoNi 合金在室温下的原始组织图、局部应变下的变形组织图及其力学性能:(a1)碳含量0.2%的合金冷轧退火后的电子通道对比成像图,(a2~a3)局部应变分别为10%和120%时的变形组织,(a3)中的红色箭头指向为变形孪晶,白色箭头指向为变形带,(b1)碳含量0.8%的合金冷轧退火后的电子通道对比成像图,(b2~b3)0.8%C 含量的合金在局部应变为30%情况下裂纹附近的变形组织,(c)含碳量0.8%的合金在不同工艺下应力应变曲线图,(d)不同碳含量合金在相同冷轧退火工艺下的应力应变曲线图[33]
Fig.3 Original microstructure of the CrMnFeCoNi alloy with C added at room temperature,deformation microstructure under local strain,and mechanical properties:(a1)electron channel contrast(ECC)image of the alloy with a carbon content of 0.2 at.%after cold rolling and annealing,(a2~a3)deformed structure of the alloy under local strains of 10%and 120%.The red and white arrows in(a3)indicate mechanical twins and microbands,respectively,(b1)ECC image of the partially recrystallized interstitial HEA with a nominal carbon content of 0.8 at.%without homogenization,showing the finer grains with increasing carbon content,(b2~b3)deformation microstructure in the annealed interstitial HEAs(non-homogenized)with a nominal carbon content of 0.8 at.%.The local strain(εloc)level is 30%.Near the crack,large areas contain deformation twins,and carbides appear in the recrystallization area,(c)typical tensile stress-straincurvesofHEAswithanominalcarboncontentof0.8at.%undervaryingprocessingconditions.Thehomogenized+annealed HEA has the highest strength,(d)typical tensile stress-strain curves of the homogenized and annealed HEAs with varying nominal carbon contents.The HEA with a nominal carbon content of 0.8 at.%has the highest strength[33]

由图3a2~a3 和图3b2~b3 对比发现,含碳量为0.8%的合金在冷轧过程中所形成的细小变形孪晶得以保留,相比于含碳量低的合金在变形过程中产生的变形孪晶,冷轧所产生的变形孪晶数量更多,在拉伸变形过程中发挥出更加显著的强化作用,合金强度得到进一步提高。

2 纳米尺度

2.1 浓度波强化

相较于传统合金,高熵合金为多组元合金,内部元素随机分布,当原子半径近似、电负性相近时,原子分布相对均匀。但高熵合金中依旧存在元素分布的不均匀性,当高熵合金中的某种元素与其他元素的原子尺寸、电负性差异都比较大时,合金中的元素分布出现明显的不均匀性,表现为强烈的不均匀波动和局部聚集,原子的不均匀分布被定义为浓度波[37-38]。浓度波比短程有序具有更大的尺度[39],通常被认为涉及原子在几个相邻原子的规则排列,重复长度尺度小于0.5 nm。浓度波波动程度取决于合金内部元素分布的不均匀性,元素分布的不均匀性越高,原子出现聚集的倾向越大,浓度波的波动值越高。合金中元素的聚集导致合金明显的化学不均匀性,进而导致晶格应变的不均匀性,固溶强化的效果进一步被提高。合金中明显的浓度波阻碍位错运动,产生位错钉扎效应,位错堆积层的形成促进了交叉滑移[40]。由于初始滑移面上浓度波的存在,产生的位错运动阻力较大,位错堆积层中的许多位错开始发生交叉滑移。交叉滑移位错又发生二次交叉滑移,导致复杂的位错相互作用[20]。频繁的交叉滑移和位错相互作用促进了应变硬化,为合金强度提升提供了强有力的支持。Ding 等[41]用Pd 元素代替Mn 元素,探究了浓度波对CrCoNi 基高熵合金的影响。图4a 显示在相近的晶粒尺寸下(~130 μm),CrFeCoNiPd 高熵合金在室温下的屈服强度达到410 MPa,远高于CrMnFeCoNi的180 MPa,同时实现了在更高应力下连续且稳定的应变硬化。晶粒变细(~5 μm),CrFeCoNiPd 高熵合金在室温下的屈服强度提高到600 MPa,低温77 K 下屈服强度达到~900MPa (图4b)。图4c 为CrFeCoNiPd、CrMnFeCoNi、Cr10Mn30Fe50Co10 3 种高熵合金在粗晶粒尺寸和细晶粒尺寸下的屈服强度对比图,在接近细晶粒尺寸情况下(~5 μm),CrFeCoNiPd 合金的屈服强度(600 MPa)明显高于其他两种高熵合金(400、360 MPa)。由图4d 可以看出,CrMnFeCoNi 合金中原子应变场分布均匀,而CrFeCoNiPd 合金则存在较大的原子应变波动。虽然原子应变场的分布在纳米尺度上是随机的[19],但拉伸应变场和压缩应变场的交替存在导致了较大的局部内应力,从而阻碍位错的滑动,使合金的强度显著提高。调控成分使高熵合金中元素分布不均匀性突出,产生了强烈的浓度波强化效应,有效提高了合金的强度,浓度波作为独特的强化方法也受到更多关注。

图4 添加Pd 的CrFeCoNiPd 合金与其他CrCoNi 基高熵合金的力学性能对比图:(a)平均晶粒尺寸约为130 μm 的CrFeCoNiPd(Pd HEA)和CrMnFeCoNi(Mn HEA)在室温(293 K)和液氮温度(77 K)下测得的单轴拉伸应力-应变曲线,(b)平均晶粒尺寸约为5 μm 的Pd HEA 和Mn HEA 高熵合金力学性能曲线,(c)CrFeCoNiPd 合金与其它相关高熵合金的屈服强度对比图,(d)CrFeCoNiPd 和CrMnFeCoNi 合金基于高角环形暗场像和相应的水平正应变(εxx)、垂直正应变(εyy)和剪切应变(εxy)图[41]
Fig.4 Comparison of the mechanical properties between CrFeCoNiPd alloy with Pd and other CrCoNi-based high-entropy alloys:(a)uniaxial tensile stress-strain curves measured at room temperature(293 K)and liquid nitrogen temperature(77 K)for CrFeCoNiPd(marked as Pd HEA)and CrMnFeCoNi(marked as Mn HEA)with an average grain size of approximately 130 μm,(b)mechanical properties of Pd HEA and Mn HEA with an average grain size of approximately 5 μm,(c)comparison of yield strength between the CrFeCoNiPd alloy and other related HEAs,which have the pure fcc phase or combined fcc and hcp phases,(d)comparison of the atomic strain distributions between the CrFeCoNiPd and CrMnFeCoNi alloys,based on high-angle annular dark-field images and corresponding maps of horizontal normal strain(εxx),vertical normal strain(εyy)and shear strain(εxy)[41]

2.2 短程有序强化

正如2.1 中所述,高熵合金中元素分布的不均匀性主要有两种表现形式,除了浓度波,另一种表现形式为合金中的短程有序结构。浓度波通过波动大小对位错行为和力学性能产生影响,短程有序结构同样对合金的力学性能产生影响[42-44]。Ding 等[45]的工作表明,通过调整CrCoNi 中熵合金中的局部化学序构,可以使合金的层错能在一定范围内变化。Li等[46]通过分子动力学模拟方法,证明了CrCoNi 合金中短程有序结构的稳定性,同时表明了短程有序的出现使位错运动的激活能增加。Zhang 等[47]通过透射电镜实现了短程有序结构的可视化表征,揭示了短程有序结构对CrCoNi 中熵合金屈服强度的提升作用。通过控制热处理工艺,水冷淬火的CrCoNi合金中短程有序结构被抑制,而在1 000 ℃下时效120 h 的CrCoNi 合金中出现大量短程有序结构。由图5a~b 可以看出,淬火CrCoNi 合金中的元素均匀分布,而时效CrCoNi 合金中出现原子分布特征明显的短程有序区域,其中Cr-Cr 化学键更加容易结合。在温度高的情况下,原子迁移率高,可以充分运动,容易生成短程有序结构。之后,对两种合金进行压缩试验,分析变形后合金内部的位错形态,如图5c~d 所示,淬火样品中的位错呈现随机分布状态,而时效样品中则出现局部位错的平面结构,并且出现位错对。图5e~h 表明,时效合金的屈服强度提高到255 MPa,比淬火合金的205 MPa 增加了24.4%,时效合金的初始加工硬化率是水淬试样的2 倍,延伸性没有明显变化。短程有序结构影响中熵合金中位错运动,促进位错的平面滑移,增强加工硬化[48-49]。Chen 等[50]和Wang 等[51]通过透射电子显微镜直接观察到了中熵合金中的短程有序现象,并且证明了短程有序结构阻碍位错运动,导致位错缠结,增强应变硬化效果。因此,通过控制短程有序结构生成,也是提高CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金强度的一种有效手段。

图5 短程有序对CrCoNi 中熵合金产生的强化效果:(a~b)淬火和时效样品的能量滤波暗场像,(c~d)水淬和1 000 ℃时效样品的双光束明场图像,(e~f)水淬试样和1 000 ℃时效试样的拉伸试验结果,(g~h)由真应力-应变曲线得出的两种合金的加工硬化率曲线[47]
Fig.5 Strengthening effect of short-range order on CrCoNi MEA:(a~b)energy-filtered dark-field images for quenched and aged samples,respectively.The aperture positions are marked by the g vectors(white arrows),(c~d)two-beam bright-field image of both water-quenched and 1 000 ℃aged samples.The representative wavy configuration of dislocations in the water-quenched sample is shown in(c),where the white arrow with the g vector marks the utilized two-beam diffraction condition.The representative planar configuration(marked by the parallel white lines)of dislocations in the 1 000 ℃aged sample is shown in(d),where the leading dislocation pair is marked by the white arrow and the white arrow with the g vector marks the two-beam condition,(e~f)tensile testing results of the water quenched samples and 1 000 ℃aged samples,respectively,showing that the yield strength of the water quenched samples is 205 MPa,and the yield strength of the aged samples is 255 MPa,(g~h)work hardening rate of two alloys obtained from the true stress-strain curves,with black arrows indicating the necking point[47]

2.3 纳米析出相强化

与相变产生的第二相不同,设计合金成分时,向高熵合金中添加少量沉淀相形成元素,基体中会发生析出沉淀,生成第二相。析出相的晶粒尺寸数量级远低于基体的晶粒尺寸,在高熵合金中,会产生多组元的纳米颗粒析出相,析出相颗粒分布在基体中,位错运动需要切过或者绕过颗粒,位错运动的阻力提高[34,52-54]。当析出相与基体之间的界面保持共格关系时,位错将会切过析出颗粒进行滑移,实现不破坏合金强度的同时增强合金韧性的目的[55-56],因此,通过调控合金成分使高熵合金中产生纳米析出相,可以同步产生增强、增韧效果。Yang 等[57]向FeCoNi高熵合金中加入不同比例的Al 和Ti 两种元素。通过实验发现,(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7(Al7Ti7)合金的强度和延展性都得到了极大提升。由图6a 可以看出,Al7Ti7的屈服强度高达1GPa,是FeCoNi 合金的5 倍,伸长率达到50%。Al 和Ti 元素的加入,使FeCoNi 合金中析出了L12 结构的多组元金属间纳米颗粒(图6b~c)。原子探针成分分析表明,纳米颗粒的成分为(Ni43.3Co23.7Fe8)3-(Ti14.4Al8.6Fe2)。多组元金属间纳米颗粒和基体界面之间的共格关系,保证了析出相在纳米尺度上稳定且分布均匀,不发生非均质粗化,有效降低了局部应力应变集中,抑制了变形过程中微裂纹的形核[56]。多组元金属间纳米颗粒有效地阻止位错运动,同时提高合金的位错储存密度。合金的强度明显提高,延展性也得到提高,相比于基体合金,纳米析出相强化合金的屈服强度提高了400%,拉伸伸长率提高了67%。纳米析出相有利于提高合金的强度,由式(2)[58]可知,提高共格析出相的体积分数可以使合金表现出更高的屈服强度。

图6 (FeCoNi)86-Al8Ti6、(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7 与FeCoNi 合金在室温下的强度-延展性结合以及FeCoNiAl7Ti7 的形貌特征:(a)工程应力-应变曲线及断口表征,(b)(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7 合金的TEM 图,插图为相应的选区电子衍射花样,(c)高分辨TEM 图像证实界面的共格性[57]
Fig.6 Exceptional strength-ductility property achieved in the(FeCoNi)86-Al8Ti6,(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7 and FeCoNi alloys at ambient temperature and microstructural characterizations of the(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7 alloy:(a)engineering stress-strain curves of(FeCoNi)86-Al8Ti6、(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7 HEAs compared with the FeCoNi base alloy.The Al7Ti7 alloy exhibits ductile dimpled structures without macroscopic necking,(b)TEM image of the(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7 alloy showing the nanostructured precipitates.The inset shows the corresponding selected-area electron diffraction pattern,(c)representative high-resolution TEM image confirming the interfacial coherence[57]

式中,Δσos 为有序析出相带来的屈服强度提高值;M为泰勒因子;b 为伯氏矢量;γAPB 为析出相的反相边界能;f 为析出相的体积分数。

3 微米尺度

3.1 位错强化

除了在原子尺度上对合金成分进行调控实现高熵合金的强化手段,通过控制合金内部缺陷的形态、数量等产生结构变化也是另一类手段。研究表明,合金的变形主要依靠位错的运动来实现,位错的滑移、分解、攀移等一系列行为影响合金的变形,通过改变位错的运动行为可以提高合金的强度和韧性[34]。对合金施加应力,位错沿着特定的滑移系开动,合金发生变形过程,在滑移面上运动的位错会与穿过该滑移面的其他位错交割,位错之间相互缠结或者堆积在一起,其他位错需要绕过或者切过阻碍点才能运动,增大了位错运动的难度,提高合金的强度。

在CrCoNi 基的(中)高熵合金中,位错诱导的塑性通常出现在变形的前期阶段,在施加应力导致合金变形的过程中,高密度的位错为变形后续阶段的孪晶诱导塑性提高了应力以及相变诱导塑性提供了能量,在塑性变形的整个过程中持续发挥作用[5,59]。Zhao 等[60]对等原子比的CrMnFeCoNi 合金进行旋转锻造预变形处理,向晶粒中引入大量位错。通过图7a 的EBSD 反极图可以看出,合金内部存在着明显的滑移带。预变形试样的透射显微图(图7b)显示出,晶粒内部大量位错堆积在一起形成了高密度的位错缠结结构,并有少量堆垛层错。合金的屈服强度随应变速率的增加而显著提高(图7c),在1×10-3 s-1 速率的准静态压缩下,屈服强度已经达到800 MPa,在受迫剪切的高应变速率~105s-1 下,屈服强度提升到~2 GPa。通过锻造引入的位错在变形中发挥了重要的强化作用,使得等原子比的CrMnFeCoNi 合金的屈服强度产生明显提升,并且合金显示很强的变形能力。通过锻造向低层错能的CrMnFeCoNi 合金(~26.5 J/m2)中引入高密度位错,也为激发多种变形机制提供了可能。由图7d 可知,当施加的应力超出合金的弹性极限时,合金的塑性变形机制依次为位错诱导塑性、孪晶诱导塑性、相变诱导塑性,当合金中的缺陷密度足够高时,变形中有可能发生非晶化转变,进一步提高强塑性[61-62]。通过提高位错的密度,进一步激发相变强化效应,有望进一步提高高熵合金的强塑性。

图7 锻造态CrMnFeCoNi 高熵合金的初始微观结构、力学响应以及塑性变形机制:(a)初始组织的EBSD 图,(b)变形样品的TEM 显微照片,(c)CrMnFeCoNi 高熵合金在单轴准静态压缩(ε˙=10-1 s-1),高应变率压缩(ε˙=1 700 s-1)和动态剪切变形(γ˙=6×105 s-1)下的力学响应,(d)CrCoNi 基高熵合金在极端变形条件下的多重变形机制[60]
Fig.7 Initial microstructure,mechanical response and diagram of the plastic deformation mechanism in the as-swaged CrMnFeCoNi HEA:(a)EBSD map of the initial microstructure showing deformed grains with a grain size of ~100 μm,(b)TEM micrograph of the as-swaged sample showing a high density of dislocation structures.On both the EBSD and TEM images,only very few stacking-faults can be observed,(c)mechanical response,expressed as the equivalent stress versus equivalent strain of the as-swaged CrMnFeCoNi HEA subjected to uniaxial quasi-static compression (ε˙=10-1 s-1), high strain-rate compression (ε˙=1 700 s-1) and dynamic shear deformation(γ˙=6×105 s-1),(d)proposed hierarchical deformation mechanism for CrCoNi-based HEAs subjected to extreme deformation[60]

3.2 孪晶强化

位错在面心立方结构的CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金中可通过肖克莱分解方式分解为两个不全位错,不全位错滑移过程中,很容易产生层错。另一方面,CrCoNi 中熵合金有较低的层错能,合金在受到外加应力变形时,晶粒内部容易形成层错,层错为孪生过程提供了形核位置[20]。孪晶是晶体内部一种具有特殊位向关系的结构,两部分晶体之间沿孪晶界形成镜像对称的位向关系。孪晶的形成与层错密切相关,层错给孪晶提供了有利形核位置,促进孪晶形成。同时,孪晶界对位错的运动阻碍和存储,使合金中产生高密度的位错堆积[63-64]。不同孪晶界之间相互交错,形成立体分层孪晶网络结构,可以提高合金的强度和塑性[19,42,65]。Huang 等[66]保持CrCoNi 合金中Cr 元素的含量不变,调整Co 和Ni 元素的比例,设计出富Co 贫Ni 的Cr33Co38Ni29 和Cr33Co42Ni25 合金,通过实验测定肖克莱部分位错的宽度,结合下式(3)[66],计算了Cr33Co38Ni29 合金的层错能,约为12 J/m2,仅为CrCoNi 合金层错能(24 J/m2)的1/2(图8h)。

图8 通过调整Co、Ni 两种元素比例来降低CrCoNi 合金的层错能:(a1~a3)CrCoNi 在不同拉伸应变下的EBSD 相图,(b1~b3)Cr33Co38Ni29 在不同拉伸应变下的EBSD 相图,(c1~c3)Cr33Co42Ni25 在不同拉伸应变下的EBSD 相图,(d~f)Cr33Co38Ni29 合金在30%拉伸应变下的明场(BF)和暗场(DF)TEM 照片及选取衍射斑点,(g)工程应力-应变曲线,(h)CrCoNi 和Cr33Co38Ni29 合金的dact,β 值以及层错能对比图[66]
Fig.8 The stacking fault energy of the CrCoNi alloy reduced by adjusting the ratio of Co to Ni:(a1~a3)EBSD phase map of CrCoNi under different tensile strains,(b1~b3)EBSD phase map of Cr33Co38Ni29 under different tensile strains,(c1~c3)EBSD phase map of Cr33Co42Ni25 under different tensile strains,(d~e)bright-field(BF)and dark-field(DF)TEM images of Co38Cr33Ni29 alloy with 30%tensile strain,and the corresponding selected area diffraction pattern(SADP),(g)typical engineering stress-strain curves of three alloys and mechanical properties of CrCoNi and Cr33Co38Ni29 compared in detail,(h)the dact,β values and the SFE values of CrCoNi and Cr33Co38Ni29 HEAs[66]

式中,γ 为层错能;G 为剪切模量;ν 为泊松比;bp 为部分位错的伯氏矢量;β 为全位错的伯氏矢量与位错线之间的夹角;dact 为部分位错之间的实际距离。

低的层错能使合金在变形过程中更容易形成层错,层错为孪生和相变提供了有利的形核位置,容易产生孪生诱导塑性和相变诱导塑性,使合金的强度和延展性同时得到提高[67]。由图8 中的EBSD相分析图(图8a1~c3) 可以看出,CrCoNi 合金在变形过程中几乎没有出现hcp 相,而Cr33Co38Ni29 和Cr33Co42Ni25 合金在应变超过30%后开始出现hcp 相,并且随着应变的提高,hcp 相的比例也提高。在图8d~f 中,可以明显观察到层错和孪晶的存在,Cr33Co38Ni29 合金的应变为30%,其在室温下的抗拉强度达到了839 MPa,伸长率达到了83.57%,高于CrCoNi 合金的809 MPa和78.93%(图8g)。孪晶和位错协同作用带来了合金的高强度,同时纳米孪晶在变形中均匀分布使合金的延展性提高。

3.3 相变强化

研究发现,对CrCoNi 基中(高)熵合金施加足够大的应力,应变高度集中,合金内部可能发生相转变。在实际的晶体结构中,面心立方结构的原子密排面{111}按照ABCABC…的规律一层一层堆垛起来,密排六方结构的密排面{0001}按照ABAB…的顺序堆垛[22,68-69]。通过调整CrCoNi 基中(高)熵合金的成分,制备低层错能CrCoNi 基中(高)熵合金,在变形过程中容易出现层错。在CrCoNi 基中(高)熵合金中,不全位错运动产生层错,堆叠的层错可作为hcp相的形核位置,当相变的驱动力大于相变阻力时,fcc 相容易形成hcp 相[70]。在变形过程中,堆垛层错为促进fcc→hcp 相转变提供能量[68,70-71]。相转变引入新的相界面对位错滑移产生了阻碍,提高了合金的加工硬化率。Li 等[72]制备了纳米结构的(fcc+hcp)双相高熵合金,打破了强度和塑性之间的制约。由图9a~b 可以看出,双相高熵合金Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 的力学性能优于fcc 结构或hcp 结构的单相高熵合金,在相近的晶粒尺寸下,Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 合金的强度和延展性都得到了明显提高,粗晶粒(45 μm)的Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 合金的加工硬化率已达到细晶粒(6 μm)的单相高熵合金Fe20Mn20Ni20Co20Cr20 水平。图9c 为随着变形程度的增加Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 合金变形机制变化图,随着局部应变的不断增加,一部分fcc 相转变为hcp 相;在变形过程中,层错密度明显增加,说明层错诱导塑性也在变形中发挥作用。随着应变增加,在hcp 相中观察到机械纳米孪晶的密度增加,孪晶的形成不断引入新的界面,导致晶粒破碎细小[73],阻止位错在变形过程中的运动,提高强度,产生动态“霍尔-佩奇效应”[63,74-75]。根据Hall-Petch 公式可知,晶粒细化提高合金的强度,应变硬化效果增强[76-77]

图9 相变诱导塑性的双相结构高熵合金(Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10)与单相面心立方结构的高熵合金的力学性能对比:(a)拉伸性能,(b)应变硬化响应,(c)室温下TRIP-DP-HEA 中变形机制随拉伸应变增加的示意图[72]
Fig.9 Comparison of the mechanical properties between the dual-phase Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 HEA with phase transformation induced plasticity and the single phase fcc HEA:(a)tensile properties,(b)strain-hardening response,(c)schematic drawing of the deformation mechanisms in TRIP-DP-HEA at room temperature as the tensile strain increases[72]

式中,σ 为多晶体的屈服强度;σ0 为单晶体的屈服强度;K 为常数;d 为晶粒尺寸。hcp 相内通过多种变形机制(包括位错滑移、层错和孪晶)在变形后期的塑性调节和硬化中起到重要作用。CrCoNi 基中(高)熵合金变形过程中的变形孪晶形核和马氏体相变形核受层错能影响很大,随着层错能的降低,合金变形机制由位错滑移主导依次演变为位错滑移+变形孪晶、位错滑移+变形孪晶+马氏体相变等多种机制联合主导。合理调控层错能、晶粒尺寸等参数,可使不同强化机制在变形过程中产生“接力”效果,在较大应变范围内保持稳定的加工硬化率,推迟塑性失稳的发生,从而提高合金强度和韧性。

3.4 梯度结构强化

传统的合金强化手段聚焦于微纳米尺度,关注微观结构变化对合金性能的影响。最近的研究表明,控制合金宏观层次的结构变化,也会使合金发生强化。很多生物材料在化学组成或者结构上表现出空间梯度的特征,比如人骨和树木,梯度结构使生物材料的性能得到提升,并赋予材料特殊的功能。金属材料一直存在着“强度提高,塑性下降”的制约规律,为了打破金属材料“强度-塑性”之间的制约,科学家将空间梯度结构引入到金属材料中,制备出了外强内韧的金属材料。Fang 等[78]率先通过表面塑性摩擦技术制备出梯度结构铜合金,表现出优异的拉伸性能。梯度结构是合金的组织结构由内到外或者是成分的由外到内过渡,相比于纳米金属材料以牺牲塑性为代价提高合金强度的强化方式,梯度结构合金在提高强度的同时,依旧可以保持良好的塑性,实现了强度和塑性的同步增加[79-82]。Pan 等[79]设计了梯度结构的Al0.1CrFeCoNi 合金,采用循环扭转加工变形,在20°的循环扭转角下,得到了非均匀梯度位错胞结构合金。Al0.1CrFeCoNi 高熵合金依旧为等轴晶结构,晶粒形貌呈多面形,晶粒尺寸不变(~46 μm),取向随机。在持续的扭转应变作用下,晶粒内的位错密度发生了梯度变化,合金中的全位错滑移,全位错的多系滑移增强了位错之间的相互作用,位错堆积在一起,形成了位错胞结构[83]。图10a~b 显示了Al0.1CrFeCoNi 高熵合金在3%的拉伸应变下的表层的变形组织,图10h~i 显示芯部的组织形貌,次表层的晶胞内低角度晶界明显减少,表层晶胞内出现了纳米尺度的层错和孪晶组成的片层束,从表面到芯部晶粒尺寸未发生变化。在拉伸变形过程中,层错和孪晶界形成的密集片层束穿过位错壁,将稳定的位错结构细化,形成稳定的三维网络结构(图10c~e),这与空间上的化学成分波动结合,产生位错滑移的强大障碍,层错和孪晶与位错之间的强烈相互作用促进了加工硬化[84-85]。同时,梯度结构的塑性变形产生了梯度变化的应力-应变状态,并且产生了背应力,背应力强化使合金的屈服强度得到极大的提高,图10j~k 显示出平面滑移导致位错平行排列。分层的纳米级非均匀梯度位错胞结构,使Al0.1CrFeCoNi 合金即使在低拉伸应变下也会产生大量的层错和孪晶(图10f~g),这是保持高加工硬化率和提高拉伸延展性的最主要原因。这项研究表明,梯度结构可以实现材料强度和塑性的同步提高,未来可以将成分和结构两种梯度相结合,实现高熵合金强塑性的进一步提升。

图10 Al0.1CrFeCoNi 高熵合金在3%拉伸应变下的变形组织图:(a~b,h~i)断面EBSD 图像显示了距表面~1.2 mm 深度范围内晶粒尺度的形貌、取向和三种不同取向差角度的边界,(h,i)与(a)和(b)相同,但为拉伸后的核心结,(c~e)对应的SEM 和明场TEM 图像,(f~g)从位错胞壁附近位错密度较低的束团中拍摄的经像差校正的高角度环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜(HAADF-STEM)图像,近距离HAADF-STEM 图像显示了大量的纳米尺度的堆垛层错或孪晶片层,实线和虚线分别表示堆垛层错或孪晶界,(j~k)对应于芯部的SEM 和TEM 图像[79]
Fig.10 Deformation microstructure of the Al0.1CrFeCoNi high-entropy alloy under 3%tensile strain:(a~b,h~i)cross-sectional EBSD images showing the grain-scale morphology,orientation,and three types of boundaries with different misorientation angles within a depth of ~1.2 mm from the surface.(h,i)are the same as(a)and(b)but for the core structure after tension,(c~e)corresponding SEM and bright-field TEM images,which indicate the widespread occurrence of dense stacking-fault bundles(tens of micrometers in length),marked by the white arrows that cut through multiple dislocation cell structures.The inset in(e)is the corresponding SAED pattern that contains parallel streaks(along the[111]direction,denoted by the white arrow)from stacking-faults.The two-headed arrow in(c)denotes the loading axis.The two-headed arrow in(d)denotes the spacing of adjacent stacking-fault bundles,(f~g)an aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy(HAADF-STEM)image taken from bundles in the vicinity of dislocation cell walls with a relatively low dislocation density,revealing an ultrahigh density of stacking faults and twin-boundaries.The close-up HAADF-STEM image exhibits numerous nanoscale stacking faults or twin segments.The solid and dashed lines in(f)and(g)denote stacking faults and twin boundaries,respectively,(j~k)corresponding SEM and TEM images of the core,respectively,indicating planar-slip-induced parallel dislocation morphologies[79]

3.5 层状复合强化

近年来,科学家通过研究发现含有不同成分金属层的复合金属材料具有优异的综合力学性能,可以同步实现强度和塑性的增加[86]。Chen 等[87]采用真空热轧和时效处理工艺制备出一种具有良好力学性能的新型马氏体时效钢C300/CrCoNi 复合材料,有效综合了CrCoNi 中熵合金的高应变硬化能力和马氏体时效钢的高屈服强度。将60 层0.5 mm 厚度的片状合金交错叠层,在真空高温环境1 200 ℃中保温30 min,并采用热轧工艺使其厚度减小到4 mm。图11b~c 分别显示出热轧后和时效后复合材料的层与层之间的组织形貌图,层与层之间过渡层厚度约为3 μm。图11d~e 显示出时效处理后的马氏体时效钢片层中出现了棒状纳米析出相为η-Ni3Ti 相,同时过渡层也出现了许多微小尺度的Al2O3 相和TiN 相(图11f~g),第二相也使界面得到强化[58,75,88]。由于具有低层错能,CrCoNi 层在退火后出现退火孪晶(图11h)。图11i~l 显示出微米级Al2O3 相和TiN 相在界面的元素分布。对复合材料、马氏体时效钢以及CrCoNi 合金分别进行室温拉伸试验,力学性能曲线如图11a 所示。复合材料的屈服强度达到1 151 MPa,相比于CrCoNi 合金的屈服强度269 MPa 有明显的提升;断裂伸长率比C300 马氏体钢大有提升,高达24%。时效处理促进了合金元素在复合界面处的扩散,实现了强界面结合[89-90];退火孪晶增强了CrCoNi合金的变形能力;纳米析出相在C300 马氏体内增多,位错难以越过晶界进行滑移,堆积在析出晶界处增加了强度。强界面、退火孪晶、纳米析出相3 种结构的复合,实现了C300/CrCoNi 复合材料的高强韧性能,拉伸伸长率为24%,屈服强度超过1 GPa。高熵合金与其它结构材料的复合有利于拓宽其在不同温度、冲击、辐照等环境下的应用。

图11 C300/CrCoNi 复合材料的拉伸性能及合金形貌:(a)马氏体时效钢C300、CrCoNi 合金及复合材料的拉伸力学性能,(b)热轧处理后复合材料的SEM 图像,(c)热轧和时效处理后层状材料的SEM 图像,(d)Ni3Ti 相的透射图像和衍射花样,(e)(d)中纳米析出相的衍射花样,(f)Al2O3 相的TEM 图像和衍射图样,(g)TiN 相的TEM 图像和衍射花样,(h)时效多层马氏体/CoCrNi 复合材料中的退火孪晶,(i~l)时效后晶界过渡区Al、O、Ti、N 元素分布图[86]
Fig.11 Mechanical properties and microstructural characterization of C300/CrCoNi composite materials:(a)mechanical property of martensitic aged steel C300,CrCoNi alloy,and composites under tension,(b)SEM images of composite materials after hot rolling treatment,(c)SEM image of layered materials after hot rolling and aging treatment,(d)TEM image and diffraction patterns of the Ni3Ti phase,(e)diffraction patterns of nanoprecipitates in(d),(f)TEM image and diffraction patterns of the Al2O3 phase,(g)TEM image and diffraction patterns of the TiN phase,(h)annealing twins in the aged multilayer maraging/CoCrNi composite,(i~l)elemental distribution map of Al,O,Ti,and N in the transition zone of the grain boundary after aging[86]

4 总结与展望

低层错能的CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金凭借其优异的综合力学性能,特别是优异的断裂韧性,在航空、航天、极地等领域具有应用潜力,受到了科研者的广泛关注。但其仍然受传统合金的“强度-塑性”之间的平衡约束,屈服强度较低这一问题严重限制了CrCoNi 合金的应用范围。为了强化CrCoNi 合金,科学家尝试了调控成分、引入预变形等多种手段,力求在不损失韧性的情况下,提高CrCoNi 合金的屈服强度,设计出又强又韧的CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金。本文从原子、纳米、微米三个尺度展开论述,总结了CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金的强化方法,表1 中展示出了应用上述强化方法制备合金的强度和总伸长率,纳米析出强化的(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7 高熵合金具有最优的强塑性组合,在屈服强度为1 074 MPa 的情况下,依旧可以达到51%的断裂伸长率。虽然现有研究可以制备出屈服强度较高的CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金,但“强度-塑性”的制约关系依旧很难打破,同时存在加入合金元素价格昂贵、工艺要求较高等问题。因此,未来在(中)高熵合金的强韧性能提高问题上,可以采用多种强化手段,在元素成分调控、机械热处理工艺等方面进一步进行探索,设计并制备出价廉且强韧性能兼具的(中)高熵合金及其他成分的低层错能合金。

表1 不同强化方式下CrCoNi 基高熵合金的屈服强度和总伸长率
Tab.1 Yield strength and total elongation of CrCoNi-based high-entropy alloys under different strengthening methods

Note:σ0.2—uniaxial tensile yield strength of CrCoNi-based highentropy alloy, εtotal—uniaxial tensile total elongation of CrCoNi-based high-entroy alloy

CrCoNi-based HEAStrengthening methods σ0.2/MPa εtotal/%CrCoNi[47]None20153 Cr19.84Mn19.84Fe19.84Co19.84-Ni19.84C0.8[33]Interstitial atom1 03013 CrFeCoNiPd[41]Concentration fluctuation41057 CrCoNi[47]Short-range order25554 Cr33Co38Ni29[59]Twin strengthening42093 Cr10Mn30Fe50Co10[65]Phase transition34774(FeCoNi)86-Al7Ti7[76]Nano-precipitated phase 1 07451 Al0.1CrFeCoNi[79]Gradient structure53966 C300/CrCoNi[87]Laminate composite85530

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Research Progress on Strengthening Methods for CrCoNi-based Medium- or High-entropy Alloys with Low Stacking Fault Energy

ZHANG Linbing1,WANG Jun2,3,YAN Na3,LI Zezhou1,4,5,YU Yuchen1,6,ZHANG Fan1,4,5,WANG Lin1,5,CHENG Xingwang1,4,5
(1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; 2.State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; 3.Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, China; 4.Tangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063000, China; 5.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Materials Under Shock and Impact, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China;6.School of Materials Science and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

Abstract:CrCoNi-based medium- or high-entropy alloys with low stacking fault energy have excellent fracture toughness at room temperature or low temperature.Moreover, under impact conditions, the variety of deformation mechanisms imparts excellent deformation ability to CrCoNi-based medium- or high-entropy alloys, which can be used as impact-resistant structural materials in extreme environments.However, the dilemma of "strength-plasticity" in metallic materials is still observed in CrCoNi-based medium- or high-entropy alloys, and the low yield strength limits the potential application of CrCoNi-based medium- or high-entropy alloys.Therefore, selecting appropriate strengthening methods to improve the yield strength of CrCoNi-based medium- or high-entropy alloys while maintaining their high plasticity has become a hotspot in the research of high-entropy alloys at present.This article introduced the strengthening methods currently applied in CrCoNi-based medium- or high-entropy alloys from three aspects: solid element, lattice defects, and phase structure.Various strengthening and toughening mechanisms, such as solid solution elements, interstitial atoms,dislocations, twinning, phase transformations, and gradient structures, were reviewed.By learning from the deformation mechanisms of CrCoNi-based medium- or high-entropy alloys, the different strengthening mechanisms and their impact on the increase in mechanical properties were analysed, providing ideas for the design of high-strength and high-toughness alloys with low stacking fault energy.

Key words:CrCoNi-based medium- or high-entropy alloys; low stacking fault energy; deformation mechanisms;strengthening methods

中图分类号:TG113.25

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-8365(2024)02-0099-15

DOI:10.16410/j.issn1000-8365.2024.3307

收稿日期:2023-12-15

基金项目:科技基础加强计划(6142902210104);凝固技术国家重点实验室开放课题(SKLSP202301);北京理工大学学术启动计划(3090012222205);海外高层次青年人才计划(3090012222302);冲击环境材料技术国家级重点实验室基金(WDZC2022-1)

作者简介:张琳冰,1999 年生,女,博士.研究方向为材料动态力学行为响应.Email:3120235724@bit.edu.cn

通讯作者:

李泽洲,1991 年生,博士,教授.研究方向为先进金属材料制备与动态力学行为研究工作.Email:zezhouli@bit.edu.cn

程兴旺,1976 年生,博士,教授.研究方向为材料动态力学行为和微结构演化机制研究工作.Email:chengxw@bit.edu.cn

引用格式:张琳冰,王军,闫娜,等.低层错能CrCoNi 基(中)高熵合金的强化方法研究[J].铸造技术,2024,45(2):99-113.

ZHANG L B,WANG J,YAN N,et al.Research progress on strengthening methods for CrCoNi-based medium-or high-entropy alloys with low stacking fault energy[J].Foundry Technology,2024,45(2):99-113.